Non-dipping heart rate & major adverse cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a known major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Whilst the influence of traditional factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and smoking are well-established determinants adverse events (MACE) in subjects with T2DM, impact insulin resistance, non-dipping blood pressure heart rate status have not been adequately investigated. Purpose To determine predictors MACE population T2DM underlying target-organ damage at baseline. Methods This study included 196 advanced proliferative diabetic retinopathy. These were recruited 2008–2009 consequently followed up till February 2022 to independent MACE. At baseline, median age participants was 64 years (IQR: 59–71 years) duration 18 10–25 years). all underwent 24-hour (HR) monitoring, assessed markers inflammation, albuminuria, presence peripheral neuropathy vascular Subjects whose night-time HR did decrease by more than 10% compared daytime readings classified non-dippers. Similarly, BP profile defined nocturnal decline mean arterial less 10%. follow-up, all-cause death noted well The latter death, non-fatal MI, stroke, coronary revascularisation or hospitalisation unstable angina pectoris failure. Univariate multivariate Cox-regression analysis performed both mortality Results 46% had died whilst 63.1% exhibited Multivariate revealed (OR: 1.05, 95% CI 1.02–1.07, p<0.001), ESR 1.012, CI: 1.001–1.02, p=0.035), GGT 1.005, 1.001–1.009, p=0.025) eGFR 0.99, 0.98–0.99, p=0.016) baseline be death. With regards MACE, likewise, 1.028, 1.007–1.05, p=0.009), 1.004, 1.001–1.008, p=0.017) p=0.022) shown together 1.034, 1.014–1.055, p=0.001) strongest predictor 1.55, 1.06–2.26, p=0.024). Conclusion Whereas increasing impaired renal function disease, this long-term follow-up has highlighted relevance type mellitus. Previous studies an association between subjects. on merits further investigation. Funding Acknowledgement funding sources: None.